WEAREBORG4102

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  4. Posted

    Shooting Stars: Preview of Summer Meteor Showers

     

    By Joe Rao

    SPACE.com Night Sky Columnist

    posted: 07:00 am ET

    23 July 2004

     

     

    Summer is the season for shooting stars, and this year could be among the best as the annual Perseid meteor shower promises to be better than usual.

     

    Anyone gazing at the summer night sky for even a short length of time now through the end of August is likely to spot a few streaks of otherworldly light. In general, the Earth encounters richer meteoric activity during the second half of the year.

     

    The best meteor display of the summer comes during the second week of August, during the Perseid event. At its peak around the nights of Aug. 11 and 12, the shower can produce 50 to 100 fast, bright meteors per hour for any observer with a wide-open view of a dark sky.

     

    Great prospects

     

    This year will be an excellent one to watch for the Perseids, partly because bright moonlight will not interfere as in past years, and also because Earth might encounter a heavier concentration of meteoric debris, astronomers predict, leading to better than normal meteor activity.

     

    Perseid meteors are bits of debris -- typically no larger than sand grains but sometimes up to marble size -- left behind during repeated passes of comet Swift-Tuttle. The comet crosses the inner solar system once every 128 years as part of its elongated orbit around the Sun.

     

    Because most meteors in a shower are tiny, there is little threat to spacecraft, and virtually none to people on the ground. [Dangers]

     

    Forerunners of the Perseid shower began to appear around July 17. Try watching for them after the waxing Moon has left the sky, leaving the predawn hours dark. You’ll see only a few per hour at best, but the numbers will begin to ramp-up during the second week of August.

     

    At the height of the event, you might spot one to two per minute, and sometimes even more meteors can grace the sky during brief bursts.

     

    The last Perseid stragglers may still be spotted as late as Aug. 24.

     

    Other meteors

     

    To go along with the Perseids, there are at least ten other minor meteor displays that are active at various times during July and August. While the hourly rates from these other streams are but a fraction of the numbers produced by the Perseids, overall they provide a wide variety of meteors of differing colors, speeds and paths.

     

    Among these are the Southern Delta Aquarids, which can produce faint, medium speed meteors; the Alpha Capricornids, described as slow, bright, long trailed meteors, and the Kappa Cygnids, which are classified as slow-moving and sometimes brilliantly lit.

     

    Summertime meteors, occasionally flitting across your line of sight, are especially noticeable between mid-July and the third week of August. Six of the minor displays occur between Aug. 3 and 15.

     

    The only equipment you’ll need are your eyes and a modest amount of patience. Find a location away from bright lights and with a wide view of the sky. Bring a blanket or lounge chair so you can relax while looking up. [Viewing Tips]

     

    When to watch

     

    Early morning hours generally provide the best viewing, typically offering up twice as many meteors as in the evening. Why?

     

    In the predawn, you're standing like a hood ornament on the side of Earth facing the oncoming traffic, as compared to the evening hours when you're on the trailing edge of the planet's orbital plunge through around the Sun. [see a Graphic]

     

    Evening meteors much catch Earth by having an orbital velocity greater than the planet. After midnight, any particle in the planet's path is scooped up in the atmosphere, slamming into the air at speeds of 7 to 45 miles per second (11-72 kps). Their energy of motion rapidly dissipates in the form of heat, light, and ionization, creating short-lived streaks of light.

  8. Posted · Edited by WEAREBORG4102

    This day in History

     

    Today in History

     

    WORST MODERN EARTHQUAKE:

    Click for Spoiler:

    July 28, 1976

    At 3:42 a.m., an earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 magnitude on the Richter scale flattens Tangshan, a Chinese industrial city with a population of about one million people. As almost everyone was asleep in their beds, instead of outside in the relative safety of the streets, the quake was especially costly in terms of human life. An estimated 242,000 people in Tangshan and surrounding areas were killed, making the earthquake one of the deadliest in recorded history, surpassed only by the 300,000 who died in the Calcutta earthquake in 1737, and the 830,000 thought to have perished in China's Shaanxi province in 1556.

    Caught between the Indian and Pacific plates, China has been a very active location for earthquakes throughout history. Earthquakes have also played a significant part in China's culture and science, and the Chinese were the first to develop functioning seismometers. The area of northern China hit by the Tangshan earthquake is particularly prone to the westward movement of the Pacific plate.

    In the days preceding the earthquake, people began to notice strange phenomena in and around Tangshan. Well-water levels rose and fell. Rats were seen running in panicked packs in broad daylight. Chickens refused to eat. During the evening of July 27 and the early morning hours of July 28, people reported flashes of colored light and roaring fireballs. Still, at 3:42 a.m. most people were sleeping quietly when the earthquake struck. It lasted for 23 seconds and leveled 90 percent of Tangshan's buildings. At least a quarter-of-a-million people were killed and 160,000 others injured. The earthquake came during the heat of midsummer, and many stunned survivors crawled out of their ruined houses naked, covered only in dust and blood. The earthquake started fires and ignited explosives and poisonous gases in Tangshan's factories. Water and electricity were cut off, and rail and road access to the city was destroyed.

    The Chinese government was ill-prepared for a disaster of this scale. The day following the quake, helicopters and planes began dropping food and medicine into the city. Some 100,000 soldiers of the People's Liberation Army were ordered to Tangshan, and many had to march on foot from Jinzhou, a distance of more than 180 miles. About 30,000 medical personnel were called in, along with 30,000 construction workers. The Chinese government, boasting self-sufficiency, refused all offers of foreign relief aid. In the crucial first week after the crisis, many died from lack of medical care. Troops and relief workers lacked the kind of heavy rescue training necessary to efficiently pull survivors from the rubble. Looting was also epidemic. More than 160,000 families were left homeless, and more than 4,000 children were orphaned.

    Tangshan was eventually rebuilt with adequate earthquake precautions. Today, nearly two million people live there. There is speculation that the death toll from the 1976 quake was much higher than the official Chinese government figure of 242,000. Some Chinese sources have spoken privately of more than 500,000 deaths.

     

     

    1868

     

    14th Amendment adopted

    Click for Spoiler:

    Following its ratification by the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states, the 14th Amendment, guaranteeing to African Americans citizenship and all its privileges, is officially adopted into the U.S. Constitution.

    Two years after the Civil War, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts, where new state governments, based on universal manhood suffrage, were to be established. Thus began the period known as Radical Reconstruction, which saw the 14th Amendment, which had been passed by Congress in 1866, ratified in July 1868. The amendment resolved pre-Civil War questions of African American citizenship by stating that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States...are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they reside." The amendment then reaffirmed the privileges and rights of all citizens, and granted all these citizens the "equal protection of the laws."

    In the decades after its adoption, the equal protection clause was cited by a number of African American activists who argued that racial segregation denied them the equal protection of law. However, in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that states could constitutionally provide segregated facilities for African Americans, so long as they were equal to those afforded white persons. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which announced federal toleration of the so-called "separate but equal" doctrine, was eventually used to justify segregating all public facilities, including railroad cars, restaurants, hospitals, and schools. However, "colored" facilities were never equal to their white counterparts, and African Americans suffered through decades of debilitating discrimination in the South and elsewhere. In 1954, Plessy v. Ferguson was finally struck down by the Supreme Court in its ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

    1932 Bonus Marchers evicted by U.S. Army

    During the Great Depression, President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army under General Douglas MacArthur to evict by force the Bonus Marchers from the nation's capital.

    Two months before, the so-called "Bonus Expeditionary Force," a group of some 1,000 World War I veterans seeking cash payments for their veterans' bonus certificates, had arrived in Washington, D.C. Most of the marchers were unemployed veterans in desperate financial straits. In June, other veteran groups spontaneously made their way to the nation's capital, swelling the Bonus Marchers to nearly 20,000 strong. Camping in vacant government buildings and in open fields made available by District of Columbia Police Chief Pelham D. Glassford, they demanded passage of the veterans' payment bill introduced by Representative Wright Patman.

    While awaiting a vote on the issue, the veterans conducted themselves in an orderly and peaceful fashion, and on June 15 the Patman bill passed in the House of Representatives. However, two days later, its defeat in the Senate infuriated the marchers, who refused to return home. In an increasingly tense situation, the federal government provided money for the protesters' trip home, but 2,000 refused the offer and continued to protest. On July 28, President Herbert Hoover ordered the army to evict them forcibly. General MacArthur's men set their camps on fire, and the veterans were driven from the city. Hoover, increasingly regarded as insensitive to the needs of the nation's many poor, was much criticized by the public and press for the severity of his response.

    1945 U.S. Senate approves United Nations charter

    In a ringing declaration indicating that America's pre-World War II isolation was truly at an end, the U.S. Senate approves the charter establishing the United Nations. In the years to come, the United Nations would be the scene of some of the most memorable Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union.

    In 1919, following the close of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson implored the U.S. Senate to approve the charter for the League of Nations. Postwar isolationism and partisan politics killed U.S. participation in the League, however. In July 1945, with World War II coming to a close, the U.S. Senate indicated the sea change in American attitudes toward U.S. involvement in world affairs by approving the charter for the United Nations by a vote of 89 to 2. President Harry S. Truman was delighted with the vote, declaring, "The action of the Senate substantially advances the cause of world peace." Acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew also applauded the Senate's action, noting, "Millions of men, women and children have died because nations took to the naked sword instead of the conference table to settle their differences." The U.N. charter would provide the "foundation and cornerstone on which the international organization to keep the peace will be built." Once the charter had been ratified by a majority of the 50 nations that hammered out the charter in June 1945, the U.S. Senate formally approved U.S. participation in the United Nations in December 1945.

    Whether the United Nations became a "foundation and cornerstone" of world peace in the years that followed is debatable, but it was certainly the scene of several notable Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1950, with the Russians absent from the U.N. Security Council, the United States pushed through a resolution providing U.N. military assistance to South Korea in the Korean War. And in one memorable moment, during a speech denouncing Western imperialism in 1960, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev took off one of his shoes and pounded his table with it to make his point.

    1932 Bonus Marchers evicted by U.S. Army

    During the Great Depression, President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army under General Douglas MacArthur to evict by force the Bonus Marchers from the nation's capital.

    Two months before, the so-called "Bonus Expeditionary Force," a group of some 1,000 World War I veterans seeking cash payments for their veterans' bonus certificates, had arrived in Washington, D.C. Most of the marchers were unemployed veterans in desperate financial straits. In June, other veteran groups spontaneously made their way to the nation's capital, swelling the Bonus Marchers to nearly 20,000 strong. Camping in vacant government buildings and in open fields made available by District of Columbia Police Chief Pelham D. Glassford, they demanded passage of the veterans' payment bill introduced by Representative Wright Patman.

    While awaiting a vote on the issue, the veterans conducted themselves in an orderly and peaceful fashion, and on June 15 the Patman bill passed in the House of Representatives. However, two days later, its defeat in the Senate infuriated the marchers, who refused to return home. In an increasingly tense situation, the federal government provided money for the protesters' trip home, but 2,000 refused the offer and continued to protest. On July 28, President Herbert Hoover ordered the army to evict them forcibly. General MacArthur's men set their camps on fire, and the veterans were driven from the city. Hoover, increasingly regarded as insensitive to the needs of the nation's many poor, was much criticized by the public and press for the severity of his response.

     

     

     

    Birthdays

    Click for Spoiler:

    ---- Lu Pan Hong Kong

    1165 Ibn al-'Arabi Muslim mystic/philosopher

    1746 Thomas Heyward soldier, signed Decl of Ind

    1750 Philippe Fabre d'glantine France, poet/satirist/politician

    1844 Gerard Manley Hopkins England, poet (The Windhover)

    1859 Balington Booth founded Volunteers of America

    1866 Beatrix Potter England, children's author (Tale of Peter Rabbit)

    1874 Ernst Cassirer Germany, philosopher/educator (Essay on Man)

    1887 Marcel Duchamp painter (Nude Descending a Staircase)

    1892 Joe E Brown Holgate Ohio, comedian (Buck Circus Hour)

    19-- Brianne Leary Providence RI, actress (CHiPs, Baa Baa Black Sheep)

    19-- France Lee McCain York Pa, actress (Apple's Way, 13 Queens Blvd)

    19-- Gregg Giuffria rocker (House of Lords-Sahara)

    19-- Scott Bloom actor (The Stuff)

    1901 Rudy Vallee Vt, singer (Vagabond Dreams, My Time Is Your Time)

    1907 Earl S Tupper invented Tupperware

    1907 Vivian Vance Cherryvale Ks, actress (Ethel Mertz-I Love Lucy)

    1909 Malcolm Lowry novelist (Under the Volcano)

    1910 Bill Goodwin SF Calif, announcer (Burns & Allen, Boing Boing Show)

    1911 Ann Doran Amarillo Tx, actress (Longstreet, Shirley)

    1911 Gerhard Stoeck Germany, javelin thrower (Olympic-gold-1936)

    1912 Eleazar de Carvalho Iguat£, Brazil, conductor/tuba (Tiradentes)

    1916 David Brown NYC, director (Jaws, Planet of the Apes)

    1916 Laird Cregar Phila, actor (Charley's Aunt, Hangover Square)

    1922 Jacques Piccard Switzerland, undersea explorer (bathyscaph Trieste)

    1929 Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis 1st lady (1961-63)

    1930 Darryl Hickman Hollywood Cal, actor (Human Comedy, Tea & Sympathy)

    1934 Jacques D'Amboise dancer/educator (NYC Ballet Company)

    1937 Peter Duchin NYC, pianist/bandleader (Peter Duchin Orch)

    1938 Robert Hughes [studley Forrest], Australia, writer/critic

    1940 Phil Proctor comedian (Firesign Theater)

    1941 Riccardo Muti Napoli Italy, conductor (Philadelphia Orch)

    1943 Bill Bradley Crystal City Mo, NY Knick/(Sen-D-NJ)/Rhodes scholar

    1943 Lawrence Elkins football player FL (Houston Oilers)

    1943 Mike Bloomfield blues musician (Analine)

    1944 Daniel Morelon France, 1K speed skater (Olympic-gold-1968, 72)

    1945 Jim Davis cartoonist (Garfield)

    1945 Richard Wright rocker (Pink Floyd-The Wall)

    1946 Linda Kelsey Minneapolis, actress (Billie-Lou Grant, Kate-Day by Day)

    1947 Barbara Ferrell US, 400m relay racer (Olympic-gold-1968)

    1947 Elena Novikova-Belova USSR, foils (Olympic-gold-1968)

    1947 Sally Struther Portland Oregon, actress (Gloria-All in the Family)

    1948 Georgia Engel Wash DC, actress (Georgette-Mary Tyler Moore Show)

    1949 Marilyn Quayle wife of vice president Dan Quayle

    1949 Vida Blue major-league pitcher (Cy Young & AL MVP 1971)

    1958 Terry Fox ran "Marathon of Hope" across Canada

    1961 Scott E Parazynski Little Rock Ark, MD/astronaut

    1967 Lori Loughlin NY, actress (Edge of Night, New Kids, Secret Admirer)

     

     

     

    Deaths which occurred on July 28:

    Click for Spoiler:

    1540 Thomas Cromwell King Henry VIII's chief minister, executed

    1655 Cyrano de Bergerac French dramatist/novelist, dies in Paris

    1746 John Peter Zenger journalist, involved in 1st admendment fight, dies

    1750 Johann Sebastian Bach German composer (Art of the Fugue), dies at 65

    1794 Maximilien Robespierre Fr revolutionary/avocat (1781), guillotined

    1794 Robespierre & 22 other terrorists executed to thunderous cheers

    1937 Joseph Lee father of Playgrounds movement, dies

    1971 Diane Arbus photographer, commits suicide at 48

    1974 Truman Bradley host (Science Fiction Theater), dies at 69

    1984 Bess Flowers actress, dies at 85

    1985 Grant Williams actor, dies of toxic poisoning at 54

    1987 James Burnham philosopher (Coming Defeat of Communism), dies at 81

     

     

     

    On this day...

    Click for Spoiler:

    1586 Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe

    1588 Spanish Armada sails to overthrow England's Queen Elizabeth I

    1609 Admiral George Somers settles in Bermuda

    1821 Peru declares independence from Spain (National Day)

    1830 Revolution in France replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe

    1849 Memmon is 1st clipper to reach SF, 120 days out of NY

    1851 Total solar eclipse captured on a daguerreotype photograph

    1862 Confederate forces defeated at More's Hill, Mo

    1864 Atlanta Campaign-Battle of Ezra Church

    1866 Metric system becomes a legal measurement system in US

    1868 14th Amendment ratified, citizenship to exslaves

    1882 The opera "Parsifal" is produced (Bayreuth)

    1883 Shocks triggered by the volcano Epomeo (Isle of Ischia, Italy)

    destroyed 1,200 houses at Casamicciola killing 2,000

    1896 City of Miami incorporated

    1898 Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of the Retired Colourman"(BG)

    1900 Hamburger created by Louis Lassing in Connecticut

    1906 Yankees turn triple-play, beat Cleveland 6-4

    1913 US wins its 1st Davis Cup since 1902, beating England, 3-2

    1914 Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia-WW I begins

    1914 Foxtrot 1st danced at New Amsterdam Roof Garden (NYC, by Harry Fox)

    1915 10,000 blacks march on 5th Ave (NYC) protesting lynchings

    1915 US forces invade Haiti, stays until 1924

    1928 Olympics open at Amsterdam

    1929 Chicago Cardinals become 1st NFL team to train out of state (Mich)

    1930 114ø F (46ø C), Greensburg, Kentucky (state record)

    1931 Congress makes "The Star-Spangled Banner" our 2nd national anthem

    1931 White Sox score 11 in 8th to beat Yankees 14-12

    1932 Pres Hoover evicts bonus marchers from their encampment

    1933 1st singing telegram delivered (to Rudy Vallee), NYC

    1933 NFL divides into 2, 5 team divisions

    1934 118ø F (48ø C), Orofino, Idaho (state record)

    1935 G Neujmin discovers asteroid #1386 Storeria

    1938 K Reinmuth discovers asteroid #1485 Isa

    1940 Yankee Charle Keller hits 3 HRs to beat White Sox 10-9

    1942 Nazis liquidate 10,000 Jews in Minsk Russia

    1943 Italian Facist dictator Benito Mussolini resigns

    1943 Pres FDR announces end of coffee rationing in US

    1945 US Army bomber crashes into 79th floor of Empire State Bldg, 14 die

    1945 US Senate ratifies UN charter 89-2

    1948 I.G. Farben chemical plant explodes in Ludwigshafen, Germany, 182 die

    1951 Walt Disney's "Alice In Wonderland" released

    1957 White Sox' James Landis struck out 5 times in a game

    1959 Hawaii's 1st US election sends 1st Asian-Americans to Congress

    1960 Republican National convention selects Richard Nixon

    1962 19 die in a train crash in Steelton Pa

    1962 Mariner I launched to Mars falls into Atlantic Ocean

    1964 Ranger 7 launched toward the Moon; sent back 4308 TV pictures

    1967 Pirate Radio Station 390 (Radio Invicta) (England) closes down

    1971 16 time gold glover Brook Robinson commits 3 errors in 6th inning

    1973 Skylab 3's astronauts (Bean, Garriott & Lousma) launched

    1974 69 die when packed bus strikes heavy truck (Belem, Brazil)

    1976 242,000 die in Tientsin-Tangshan (China) 8.2 earthquake

    1976 Eldon Joersz & Geo Morgan set world air speed record of 3,530 kph

    1976 White Sox John Odom (5 inn) & Francisco Barrios (4 inn) no-hits A's

    1977 1st oil flow through the Alaska pipeline

    1977 Roy Wilkins turn over NAACP leadership to Benjamin L Hooks

    1978 600,000 attend Watkins Glen Summer Jam in NY

    1978 At Old Timer's Game it's announced Martin will again manage Yankees

    1978 Perth Observatory discovers asteroid #3188 & #3422

    1978 Price of gold tops $200-an-oz level for 1st time

    1979 Dave Kingman becomes 6th to have a 2nd 3 HR game

    1980 Fernando Bela£nde Terry becomes president of Peru

    1983 AL Pres Lee MacPhail threw out umpire's decision & allows

    George Brett's 2 run HR against Yanks on July 24 (pine tar game)

    NASA launches Telstar-3A

    1984 23rd modern Olympic games opens in Los Angeles

    1986 NASA releases transcript from doomed Challenger, pilot Michael Smith

    could be heard saying, "Uh-oh!" as spacecraft disintegrated

    1987 Angel Cordero Jr becomes the 4th jockey to win 6,000 races

    1988 IBM announces price hike on older models

    1988 Israeli diplomats arrive in Moscow for 1st visit in 21 years

    1988 Jordan cancels $1.3 billion development plan in West Bank

    1988 Winnie Mandella's home in Soweto, South Africa destroyed by arson

    1988 Yanks' Tommy John makes 3 errors on 1 play yet beats Brewers 16-3

    1989 Braves Dale Murphy, hits 2 3-run HRs in an inning, 14th man to hit

    2 HRs in an inning. Also ties record of 6 RBIs in an inning

    NASA's Lewis Research Center, Cleve, announce new high-temperature

    superconductors able to operate at 33 to 37 Gigahertz

    1990 Blackout hits Chicago

    1991 Buffalo Bills beat Phila Eagles, 17-13 in American Bowl in Wembley

    1991 Expo's Dennis Martinez pitches baseball's 15th perfect game (Dodgers)

    1991 Miguel Indurain of Spain wins the Tour de France bicycle race

    2061 31st recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet

     

     

     

     

    Holidays

    Click for Spoiler:

    Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

     

    Bermuda : Adm George Somers Day (1609)

    San Marino : Fall of Facism Day (1943)

    US : Joseph Lee Day-honors playgrounds (1937)

    US : Volunteers of America founders day (1859)

    Virgin Islands : Hurricane Supplication Day - - - - - ( Monday )

    Gilroy, California : Garlic Festival - - - - - ( Friday )

    Peru : Independence Day (1824)

     

     

    Religious Observances

    Click for Spoiler:

    Luth : Commemoration of JS Bach, Heinrich Schtz, GF Handel

    RC : Comm of SS Nazarius, Celsus, martyrs & Innocent I, pope

    RC : Commemoration of St Victor I, 14th pope (189-199)

     

     

    Religious History

    Click for Spoiler:

    1675 Death of Bulstrode Whitelocke 69, an influential English lawyer during theCommonwealth of Oliver Cromwell. Among Whitelocke's last words: 'There has been one truereligion in the world; and that is the work of the Spirit of God in the hearts and soulsof men.'

    1881 Birth of J. Gresham Machen, an American Presbyterian theologian who taught atPrinceton and Westminster seminaries. Two of his writings still endure: 'New Testament Greekfor Beginners' (1923) and 'The Virgin Birth of Christ' (1932).

    1889 The first Divine Liturgy (worship service) of the Armenian Church in America wascelebrated in Worcester, MA. It was led by Rev. Hovsep Sarajian, himself the first Armenianclergyman to come to America.

    1942 Death of W.M. Flinders Petrie, 89, English archaeologist. He was regarded bycolleague William Foxwell Albright as 'the greatest genius among biblical archaeologists.'

    1960 American Trappist Thomas Merton wrote in a letter: 'I can depend less and lesson my own power and sense of direction... It is so strange to advance backwards and getwhere you are going in a totally unexpected way.'

  10. Posted

    When the two EMH's were battling with the Romulans, they rerouted all power from lifesupport to the maneuvering thrusters or thrusters, but when the battle was over a few officers with phaser rifles beamed over. How could security beam over without life support?

  17. Posted

    I must sadly say that NASA has failed us as a tool for going to space. Think about it. NASA has stopped funding for SETI and many other projects and now the X-prize has NASA scrambling for a new ship. I don't see them building anything new in the next 5 years. Their designs for new ships are absurd. We're trying to test plasma-based engines!!! We don't know much about plasma. It's too unstable right now. and set in a magnetic field.

    What's going to happen without gravity?

  18. Posted

    Most brewed wine because it was cleaner than water. That's a theory anyway because of wine's alcohol, most bacteria can't live in it unlike the water they used to have. That also led to the distilling fot he first beer in Mesopotamia.